All-reliable-condition ultraviolet lasers are commonly used in the fields of mechanical flaw detection, lithography, micromachining and medicine for the benefits of tiny volume, extensive existence, substantial performance, great beam top quality, extensive tuning and narrow spectral line, and so forth. Utilizing significant ability close to-infrared coherent light resource as the basic frequency supply determined by nonlinear tuning know-how, generating ultraviolet coherent radiation by multistage frequency conversion is considered an important method to acquire the ultraviolet coherent light-weight supply.
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Based on the evidence-of-principle experiment, the conversion effectiveness of 23% implied the opportunity of reaching large-electric power at the 2nd Stokes wavelength of your Raman laser. If the pump laser of 1078 nm might be obtained at the common power of 50 W, the output power of its 2nd Stokes wavelength at 1512 nm could be more than 10 W. The design from the Raman laser cavity needs to be optimized as a way to stay away from the harm of the M1 and diamond surface.
The standard electric power on the NIR laser still has the opportunity for being improved to tens of watts such as 70 W [26] if the double-move configuration may be used with the Yb:YAG SCF amplifier stage. Therefore, if the conversion efficiency of 31% from NIR to DUV may very well be nonetheless managed at this greater electric power situation, the normal output ability with the DUV laser at 258 nm might be a lot more than twenty W, which would become a exceptional electric power amount for your DUV laser and cause the unanticipated DUV laser machining effects. Also, for top-electricity DUV laser, the UV problems of your nonlinear crystal, such as the windows for CLBO crystal as well as the mirrors, is another important parameter for long term and secure operation.
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On another facet, the ability scaling in the NIR laser is another facet to enhance the common ability of your 193-nm DUV laser. A result of the not click here enough the higher-electricity amplification Alternative from the NIR laser (by way of example at 1553 nm), nonlinear frequency procedures including optical parameter oscillation (OPO) can be applied to produce a wavelength converter by shifting the wavelength from one μm to the specified wavelength along with acquiring relative better electrical power [21]. Recently, a diamond Raman laser showed its potential in achieving a large electric power and a large conversion effectiveness for the 1st Stokes of your one-μm laser [22,23], which means the chance being used during the 193-nm DUV laser technology as a consequence of its significant Raman get and huge frequency change.
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During the scientific and industrial purposes, the beam excellent on the DUV laser can be an essential parameter. Significantly, the beam high-quality on the DUV laser dramatically has an effect on the laser machining effects. The beam good quality from the DUV laser is decided by that of the basic laser and also the crystal with the frequency conversion. Just lately, a higher-ability DUV laser (>10 W) at 258 nm was claimed using a beam quality of M2 < one.5, which was produced by FHG of a Yb:YAG laser at 1030 nm utilizing the CLBO crystal [thirteen]. This laser would result in an improved laser machining final result in comparison with the past DUV lasers with larger M2.
The heartbeat duration of the second Stokes light-weight was shortened to 5 ns as proven in Figure 7a, an individual-shot image with the oscilloscope, which happens to be a standard phenomenon in Raman laser [44] even though the heartbeat duration of the pump laser was ten ns.
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The conversion efficiency from elementary NIR to DUV is from 5% to 36% based on the reported ends in Desk 1. Raising the conversion efficiency will decrease the stress on the look and setup of the basic laser amplifier plus the electric electricity use. A good beam good quality of the elemental laser will likely contribute towards the rising with the conversion performance and the right power depth of the NIR and green laser within the SHG and FHG method, respectively. The highest conversion efficiencies from NIR to eco-friendly and green to DUV laser by use of CLBO crystal are 70% and around fifty%, respectively [twelve], which corresponds on the conversion efficiency of 35% from fundamental to DUV.
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